Study: Women can have safe pregnancies after breast cancer treatment
Contents
At a glance | Clinical trials |
Study findings | Guidelines |
Strengths and limitations | Questions for your doctor |
What does this mean for me? | Resources |
In-depth |
STUDY AT A GLANCE
What is this study about?
This study is about the safety of mothers and their infants among women who become pregnant after breast cancer treatment.
Why is this study important?
Understanding the risks linked to pregnancy after breast cancer treatment may help in family planning. Treatment for breast cancer often include systemic treatments like chemotherapy that could potentially affect the health of the mother or infant during or after pregnancy. Pregnancy is a hormonal state that could potentially influence breast cancer outcomes.
Researchers asked three questions about women who had prior breast cancer treatment:
- What are the chances of becoming pregnant?
- What are the risks of pregnancy complications and the impact on infant safety?
- How does pregnancy affect cancer recurrence and survival?
Study findings
Researchers presented the results of the PROSPERO study at the 2020 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium. To determine what happens when women get pregnant after breast cancer treatment, researchers reviewed all published studies on this topic. They included studies that either looked at patients’ histories ( studies) or tracked patients forward in time ( studies). The researchers excluded case reports of individuals, and studies with fewer than 10 patients or involving pregnancy during or within a year of breast cancer treatment.
What are the chances of becoming pregnant?
Among women who had breast cancer treatment compared to healthy women of similar age:
- 60% fewer pregnancies occurred.
- It is unknown whether this decreased number of pregnancies reflects difficulties in becoming pregnant or decreased choice to attempt pregnancy after breast cancer treatment.
What are the risks of pregnancy complications and the impact on infant safety?
Among women who had breast cancer treatment compared to healthy women:
- No differences were found in the rates of pregnancy-related complications, completed pregnancies or spontaneous abortions (miscarriages).
- The rate of C-sections increased modestly (14%).
- No increase in infant birth defects (congenital abnormalities) was found.
- Infants of mothers who had breast cancer treatment were more likely to:
- have lower birthweight.
- be born prematurely.
- be born at lower birth weight for their gestational age.
- It is important to know that these situations (low birth weight, preterm birth and small for gestational age) are uncommon in healthy women. Despite the increased risk of these events in women with pregnancies after breast cancer treatment, the absolute number of these types of births was low.
- Low birth weight and small size for gestational age occurred mostly in infants of women who had been treated with chemotherapy.
How does pregnancy affect cancer recurrence and survival?
Pregnancy is safe for women after breast cancer treatment
Compared to women who did not become pregnant after breast cancer treatment, women who became pregnant after breast cancer treatment:
- had a similar rate of cancer recurrence—pregnancy did not elevate the risk of cancer returning and disease-free survival (DFS) was similar. Pregnancy after breast cancer was linked to a decreased rate of recurrence (21% less among women who became pregnant compared to those who did not).
- had a better overall survival rate.
- The overall survival of women with mutations was better among women who had a pregnancy after their breast cancer treatment.
- These results were true regardless of a woman’s node status or hormone receptor status.
Strengths and limitations
Strengths
- This study looked at 39 published studies, including over 48,500 women with breast cancer and 3,289,000 healthy women. The size of these patient groups provides confidence in the findings.
- Sufficient patients had different nodal, hormone receptor or mutation status so that researchers could look at pregnancy in these subgroups.
Limitations
- Race and ethnic information about study participants were not known. It is unclear whether the aspects of pregnancy in this research differ between women of different races or ethnic backgrounds.
- The studies did not look at women with breast cancer who had inherited mutations in genes other than and .
- There maybe other factors that impact brith rates among women after breast cancer treatment that were not accounted for such as underlying fertility issues. Also the use or lack of fertility treatments was not looked at.
What does this mean for me?
If you are considering becoming pregnant after treatment for breast cancer, you are likely to have an uneventful pregnancy with a good outcome. However, you may have an elevated risk of delivery by C-section.
The study researchers stated that there is: "reassuring evidence on the feasibility and safety of conceiving in women with prior history of breast cancer."
Your infant may have a higher risk of being born with low birth weight, prematurely or being small for gestational age, particularly if you had chemotherapy. More complications for infant safety were seen among women who had chemotherapy than those who did not. However, these birth characteristics are often resolved without issue.
The risk of birth defects among infants born to mothers who had breast cancer treatment does not appear to be increased.
Becoming pregnant after breast cancer treatment does not increase your risk of recurrence, and your survival rate is then similar to women who were treated and do not become pregnant.
If you are thinking about a future pregnancy, consider fertility counseling before you begin breast cancer treatment. Special oncofertility experts have training in fertility preservation for people who are diagnosed with cancer. You may want to discuss these plans with your doctor prior to breast cancer treatment and consider what course of treatment best fits your situation. National guidelines recommend that doctors discuss the effects of cancer treatment on fertility and refer patients who are interested in maintaining their fertility to experts in fertility preservation.
As the researcher Dr. Blondeaux noted, the lack of detrimental impact of pregnancy after breast cancer treatment "strongly voices the need of a deeper consideration of patients' pregnancy desires as a crucial component of their survivorship care plan and wish to return to normal life."
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posted 6/24/21
Reference
Blondeaux E, Perachino M, Bruzzone M, et al. Chances of pregnancy after breast cancer, reproductive and disease outcomes. 2020 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium. Abstract GS3-09. Presented December 11, 2020.
This article is relevant for:
Women who have had breast cancer who are considering pregnancy.
This article is also relevant for:
people with breast cancer
people with Her2-positive cancer
people with triple negative breast cancer
people with ER/PR + cancer
people with a genetic mutation linked to cancer risk
people newly diagnosed with cancer
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IN-DEPTH REVIEW OF RESEARCH
Study background
The continued trend toward delaying families until later in life means that more women are diagnosed with breast cancer before completing their families. Long-term outcomes and survival of patients have improved over the last several decades. For women of reproductive age, understanding how breast cancer and related treatment affect family planning, fertility and pregnancy outcomes would allow better decision-making.
Fifteen to 75 percent of young women who receive chemotherapy during their breast cancer treatment have amenorrhea (loss of menstrual periods). About 27 to 75 percent of these young women recover the ovarian function needed for conception. Poorvu and colleagues followed the pregnancy histories of women under age 40 who were diagnosed with breast cancer to understand their family planning choices and experiences. Only 36 percent were interested in having children within five years of their cancer diagnosis. Of these women, nine percent tried to become pregnant, and 70 percent of those attempts were successful. Another cohort study of women diagnosed with breast cancer showed that among women who attempted to get pregnant after breast cancer treatment, half were able to conceive by intercourse alone.
In this , researchers reviewed all published studies on pregnancy after breast cancer to understand the impact of breast cancer treatment on pregnancy rates as well as pregnancy and cancer outcomes for mothers and children.
Researchers of this study wanted to know
Researchers wanted to know whether women who had breast cancer treatment had different chances of becoming pregnant, different pregnancy outcomes or were at different personal risk than women who had not become pregnant.
Populations looked at in this study
This looked at all published studies involving the questions examined. The populations of these studies varied.
Study design
Dr. Eva Blondeaux presented the results of the PROSPERO study at the 2020 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium. To know what happens when women get pregnant after their breast cancer treatment, these researchers looked systematically at all published studies on this topic. They included studies that reviewed patients’ histories ( studies) or tracked patients forward in time ( studies). They excluded case reports of individuals or studies with fewer than 10 patients. They also excluded studies of pregnancy within a year of breast cancer treatment. For evaluation of chances of pregnancy, seven studies were included. For understanding pregnancy outcomes, nine studies were included. For evaluation of disease-free survival and overall survival, 11 and 21 studies were included, respectively.
Study findings
What are the chances of becoming pregnant?
Among 48,513 women who had breast cancer treatment compared to 3,289,113 healthy women:
- 60% fewer pregnancies occurred.
- It is unknown whether this decreased number of pregnancies reflects difficulties in becoming pregnant or decreased choice to attempt pregnancy after breast cancer treatment.
- Among women with other types of cancer and intact reproductive systems, rates of pregnancy were lower only for women who survived cervical cancer (67% decreased pregnancies) or all cancer combined (35% decreased pregnancies).
What are the risks of pregnancy complications and the impact on infant safety?
Compared to 4,814,452 healthy women, the following results were identified among 3,240 women who were treated for breast cancer:
- No differences were found in the rates of pregnancy complications, completed pregnancies or spontaneous abortions (miscarriages).
- The rate of C-sections modestly increased (by 14%).
- No increase in birth defects/congenital abnormalities among infants was identified.
- Infants of mothers who had breast cancer treatment were more likely to:
- have lower birth weight ( was 1.5 or 50% increased risk)
- be born prematurely ( was 1.45 or 45% increased risk)
- be born small for gestational age ( was 1.16 or 16% increased risk).
- It is important to note that these situations (low birth weight, preterm birth and small size for gestational age) are not common in healthy women. Even though these rates were increased in women after breast cancer treatment, the absolute number of these types of births was low.
- Low birth weight and small size for gestational age occurred mostly among women who had been treated with chemotherapy.
- Women who had chemotherapy had a 62% increased risk of having an infant with low birth weight, while women treated for breast cancer without chemotherapy had no significant increase in the risk of having an infant with low birth weight.
- Women who had chemotherapy had a 51% increased risk of having an infant who was small for its gestational age, while women treated for breast cancer without chemotherapy had no significant increase in the risk of having infants with low birth weight (and perhaps had less risk).
- Similar rates of premature birth occurred whether or not women had chemotherapy.
How does pregnancy affect cancer recurrence and survival?
Pregnancy is safe for women after breast cancer treatment. For disease-free survival analysis, studies included 2,003 women who became pregnant after breast cancer treatment compared to 37,779 women who did not become pregnant after breast cancer treatment:
- The rate of cancer recurrence was similar. Pregnancy did not elevate a woman’s risk of cancer returning and disease-free survival (DFS) was similar. Pregnancy after breast cancer was linked to a decreased rate of recurrence (21% less than among women who became pregnant compared to those who did not.)
For overall survival analysis, studies included 3,261 women who became pregnant after breast cancer treatment compared to 58,238 women who did not become pregnant after breast cancer treatment:
- The overall survival was better among women who became pregnant (48% improvement)
- The overall survival of women with mutations was greater (15% improvement with pregnancy) than women who had a pregnancy after their breast cancer treatment, although it was more modest than in the whole group of women with and without mutations.
- These results were true regardless of node status or hormone-receptor status.
- Women who were treated for hormone receptor-positive cancer and then became pregnant had similar disease-free survival as women who did not become pregnant after their breast cancer treatment.
- Women who had hormone receptor-negative cancer and then became pregnant had better disease-free survival than women who did not become pregnant after their breast cancer treatment (28% decreased risk).
- Overall survival was better among women who became pregnant after treatment regardless of whether their treatment included chemotherapy. However, those who did not have chemo had better survival (42% increase) than those who had chemo (29% increase). This difference may reflect the severity or aggressive nature of women’s cancer.
Strengths and limitations
Strengths
- This study looked at 39 published studies including over 48,513 women with breast cancer and 3,289,113 healthy women. The size of the patient groups provides confidence in the findings.
- Researchers were able to assess the consistency of results between published studies to see confirmation of results.
- Sufficient patients with different nodal, hormone receptor or mutation status participated so that researchers could look at pregnancy in these subgroups.
Limitations
- Race or ethnic information about study participants was not indicated. Whether any of these aspects of pregnancy differ between women of different races or ethnic backgrounds is unknown.
- The studies did not look at women with breast cancer who had inherited mutations in genes other than and .
Context
This meta-study broadly confirmed many smaller studies that found pregnancy after breast cancer treatment is possible, safe for mothers and their children and does not alter longer-term cancer recurrence or outcomes. When Lambertini et al (2020) looked at breast cancer patients under age 40 with mutations, 19 percent became pregnant and most had a safe pregnancy. Pregnancy after breast cancer was uneventful for both mothers and children with no long-term effects on the mother's cancer outcomes. This is similar to outcomes for breast cancer survivors without mutations.
Conclusions
Pregnancy after breast cancer treatment is a feasible goal for women who want to start or expand their families. Women are less likely to become pregnant after breast cancer treatment, although it is unclear if this is by choice or a limited ability to conceive.
Once pregnant, pregnancy and delivery are similar to healthy women, although the rate of C-sections is modestly increased. Infants born after their mother's breast cancer treatment are at increased risk of being premature, of low birth weight or small for birth age but no increased rate of birth defects was seen. Breast cancer survivors who became pregnant had similar risks of recurrence and survival as survivors who did not become pregnant. Overall, this new research suggests that pregnancy is a safe choice for women after breast cancer treatment but may require closer monitoring.
Share your thoughts on this XRAY review by taking our brief survey.
posted 6/24/21
The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) provides guidelines for fertility in adolescents and young adults diagnosed with cancer. According to the NCCN, addressing fertility and sexual health and function should be an essential part of the care of young adults with cancer who are at risk for impaired fertility due to cancer treatments.This applies regardless of gender, identity, sexual orientation, or financial status. This care should include:
- Assessing the risk of impaired fertility due to cancer and its treatment and discussing options for fertility preservation. This should be done as soon as possible before the start of therapy and throughout the course of treatment.
- Discussing the risks of infertility due to cancer and related treatment.
- Considering the emotional impact of discussions about fertility preservation.
- Discussing fertility plans and preferences.
- Discussing fertility preservation options.
For patients who wish to preserve fertility:
- Initiate referral to a fertility preservation clinic and/or provide resources for off-site/remote sperm banking as soon as possible.
- Provide information on financial resources available for fertility preservation.
- Discuss:
- The importance of follow-up with a gynecologist or fertility specialist to monitor ovarian function over time.
- The effects of treatment on breastfeeding.
- Safe timing for considering pregnancy after treatment.
For all premenopausal women:
- Discuss the importance of avoiding pregnancy and options for safe and effective birth control while in treatment.
Updated: 10/08/2024
- I am about to begin treatment for breast cancer:
- What options do I have to preserve my fertility?
- Which treatments are most likely to affect my fertility?
- Can you refer me to an oncofertility expert?
- I have been treated for breast cancer:
- What are my chances of becoming pregnant given my personal history?
- How long should I wait to pursue a pregnancy?
- What are the risks (or benefits) of a pregnancy?
- What are the risks of pregnancy complications?
- What are the risks of infant safety issues? How significant are these likely to be?
- If I chose to become pregnant after my breast cancer treatment, what issues should I consider about the management of my pregnancy?
The following research studies related to fertility preservation are enrolling patients.
Fertility preservation studies for women
- NCT01503190: The Immune System's Response to Young Women's Breast Cancer. This an observational trial looking at tissue samples from patients with Pregnancy-Associated Breast Cancer (PABC) versus non-PABC to understand how the immune system responds.
- NCT05443737: Evaluation of a Telehealth Oncofertility Care Intervention in Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Patients. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention to improve young cancer survivors' oncofertility care.
- NCT0301168: Fertility Preservation Using Tamoxifen and Letrozole in Sensitive Tumors Trial (TALES). Infertility as a result of cancer treatment affects the long-term quality of life in survivors of reproductive-age cancers. This trial will study different options for fertility preservation in patients with estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer.
- NCT00823654: Serum Biomarkers to Characterize the Effects of Therapy on Ovarian Reserve in Premenopausal Women With Breast Cancer or Mutations. This study will look at how cancer treatment affects the ovaries. Researchers will review blood samples before, during and after cancer treatment to look at levels of hormones that are produced by the ovaries and ask patients to fill out questionnaires about their menstrual cycles (periods), overall health and pregnancies.
- NCT01788839: Longitudinal Sexual and Reproductive Health Study of Women With Breast Cancer and . This study looks at how cancer treatment affects sexual and reproductive function. The patient will be asked to give a blood sample to see if and how cancer treatment affects the ovaries and the ability to have children (fertility). These blood draws are optional; patients can participate in the study questionnaire even if they choose not to have their blood drawn.
- NCT01558544: Cryopreservation of Ovarian Tissue. This study hopes to contribute to the development of technologies for freezing and thawing ovarian tissue to preserve fertility. The study is open to women who will undergo treatment or surgery for cancer or women with an who are considering undergoing risk-reducing surgery.
Fertility preservation for men
- NCT02972801: Testicular Tissue Cryopreservation for Fertility Preservation. Testicular tissue cryopreservation is an experimental procedure involving testicular tissue that is retrieved and frozen. This technique is reserved for young male patients, with the ultimate goal that their tissue may be used in the future to restore fertility when experimental techniques emerge from the research pipeline.
Updated: 09/29/2023
The following resources can help you locate an expert near you or via telehealth.
Finding fertility experts
- The Oncofertility Consortium maintains a national database of healthcare providers with expertise in fertility preservation and treatment of people who are diagnosed with cancer or at high risk for cancer due to an .
- Livestrong has a listing of 450 sites that offer fertility preservation options for people diagnosed with cancer. Financial assistance may be available to make the cost of fertility preservation affordable for more patients.
Other ways to find experts
- Register for the FORCE Message Boards and post on the Find a Specialist board to connect with other people who share your situation.
- National Cancer Institute (NCI)-designated comprehensive cancer centers have specialists to manage the fertility effects of cancer prevention or treatment.
Updated: 04/07/2023
Who covered this study?
BreastCancer.org
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Healio
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Pharmacy Times
Study: Breast Cancer Survivors Less Likely to Become Pregnant, But Typically Have Healthy Children This article rates 4.0 out of 5 stars
Cancer Network
Meta-Analysis Reassures Feasibility, Safety of Pregnancy in Breast Cancer Survivors This article rates 3.0 out of 5 stars
Cure Today
Breast Cancer Survivors May Have Difficulty Becoming Pregnant, But Have Healthy Babies and Experience No Impact on Long-Term Survival This article rates 2.5 out of 5 stars