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Many aspects of cancer treatment or preventive care can impact how people view themselves, their experience of desire, and their ability to engage in sexuality and intimacy. The symptoms and severity of these effects will vary, based on the cancer diagnosis and treatment. Some common challenges are listed below.
Change in body image, shape and sensation
Treatment or surgery can lead to changes in body shape, image or sensation. These changes can affect our sense of touch, how our body functions and our self-image. This is especially true for breast, colorectal, , ovarian and endometrial cancers. Hair loss from chemotherapy can affect confidence and wellbeing. Some types of cancer treatment may cause enlarged breast tissue, hair thinning, and genital shrinkage. Sometimes these changes are more obvious, and sometime changes such as loss of sensation are less obvious but still distressing.
Genito-urinary symptoms
Genito-urinary symptoms may be caused by decreased hormones. Treatments that either block hormones or intensify menopausal symptoms often also impact sexual health and intimacy. Vaginal dryness is a common and frustrating side effect that can impact capacity for sexual activity as well as vaginal health more generally. Medications are available to treat this symptom. Erectile dysfunction may result from adrogen deprivation therapy used to treat cancer. Medications, such as Viagra and Cialis—known as PDE5i—may be used to improve erectile dysfunction.
Loss of libido
Libido refers to decreased level of sexual desire. Any treatment or prevention that affects hormone levels?—surgery, hormone therapy, chemotherapy and other interventions—can affect libido in men and women. Menopause?—whether caused by surgery, treatment or normal effects of aging?—can lower libido in women. Other factors, such as body image, relationship quality, physical health and mood may contribute to libido.
Emotional distress, anxiety and depression
A diagnosis of cancer or testing positive for an can affect mental health and wellbeing. Read more in our Emotional Wellbeing section. Psychological wellbeing is also related to a positive experience of sexual health and intimacy.
Improving sexual health and intimacy
Issues of intimacy and sexuality are gaining more attention from the health care providers community and more research is being done to better address them. Despite this, many patients experiencing sexual dysfunction do not receive the care they need. Therefore, it is important for you to tell your doctor if you are experiencing any distressing changes in sexual function and ask about your options for referral to an expert.
Fortunately, there are a growing number of strategies. resources and products available to help improve changes in sexual health, body image and intimacy. Sometimes medications that affect libido, sensation or sexual function can be changed or adjusted. New medication may be prescribed to improve libido or manage side effects, such as vaginal dryness or pain during intercourse. Health care providers trained in couples counseling, intimacy or sexuality may help patients and their partners work through some of these challenges. Some cancer centers now have departments and specialists that focus on long-term quality-of-life issues including intimacy and sexual health.
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Clinicaltrials.gov identifier:
NCT04806724
Quality of Life
Online communication program for breast and gynecologic cancer survivors and their partners
This is a clinical trial sponsored by the American Cancer Society that will test the helpfulness of two programs designed to teach breast and gynecological cancer survivors and their partners to communicate and cope with...
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The following resources can help you locate an expert near you or via telehealth.
Finding sexual health experts
- The Sexual Medicine Society of North America (SMSNA) has a search tool to find experts in your area who provide sexual healthcare services.
- The American Association of Sexuality Educators, Counselors and Therapists (AASECT) maintains a tool to help people find a sexual health expert near them.
Other ways to find experts
- Register for the FORCE Message Boards and post on the Find a Specialist board to connect with other people who share your situation.
- The National Cancer Institute (NCI)-designated comprehensive cancer centers have specialists to manage the symptoms and side effects of cancer prevention or treatment.
The following studies related to sexual health are enrolling patients.
Multiple cancers
- NCT04806724: Opening the Conversation Study. This study looks at a program designed to help young couples who are dealing with breast or gynecologic cancer cope with and communicate about cancer-related reproductive and sexual health concerns.
- NCT04049331: Testosterone Replacement in Male Cancer Survivors With Fatigue and Low Testosterone. This study evaluates the effect of the testosterone drug Depo-Testosterone (testosterone cypionate), an FDA-approved drug for improving fatigue, sexual function, quality of life, body composition, muscle strength and physical activity in young cancer survivors who report fatigue and have low testosterone. This study does not enroll to men who have been diagnosed with hormone-related cancers, including or breast cancer.
Breast cancer
- NCT05636943: Couples' QOL in Breast Cancer (C-QOL). This study measures the effect of a sexual quality-of-life intervention for women with breast cancer and their partners.
- NCT01788839: Longitudinal Sexual and Reproductive Health Study of Women With Breast Cancer and . This study examines how cancer treatment affects sexual and reproductive function. Researchers request blood samples from participants to see if and how cancer treatment affects the ovaries and the ability to have children (fertility).
Colorectal cancer
- NCT04812912: Changes in Reproductive and Sexual Health in People With Early Onset Colorectal Cancer. This study determines how chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy treatments affect reproductive and sexual health in people with early-onset colorectal cancer.
cancer
- NCT02706561: Helping Men Adhere to Sexual Rehabilitation Following Cancer Surgery This study tests two different ways to help men with sexual rehabilitation.
- NCT04025372: INTREPId (INTermediate Risk Erection PreservatIon Trial). This study compares a new hormonal therapy used with radiation for intermediate-risk cancer and whether this new form of hormonal therapy is as effective as the standard hormone therapy while also preserving erectile function.
- NCT03716739: Improving Quality of Life of Cancer Survivors With Androgen Deficiency. This study investigates the safety and effectiveness of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) for treating the symptoms of androgen deficiency (sexual symptoms, low energy and physical dysfunction) and overall health-related quality-of-life for men with cancer who have undergone radical prostatectomy.